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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

454
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

1.2K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Encephalitis in Immunocompromised vs Immunocompetent Patients: A Comparative Study.

Anna Kolchinski1, Margaret Li1, Ralph Habis1

  • 1Johns Hopkins Encephalitis Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immunocompromised patients with encephalitis face distinct challenges, including varied causes and worse outcomes. Autoimmune causes, particularly those linked to checkpoint inhibitors, are increasingly recognized in this population.

Keywords:
checkpointherpes simplexoutcomesprognosticvaricella zoster

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Encephalitis involves brain inflammation from infection or autoimmunity.
  • Limited data exist on encephalitis in immunocompromised individuals compared to the general population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of encephalitis in immunocompromised versus immunocompetent patients.
  • To identify differences in etiological causes and prognostic factors between these groups.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study analyzing data from two large medical institutions.
  • Comparison of clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles, neuroimaging, and outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale, mortality) between immunocompromised and immunocompetent encephalitis patients.

Main Results:

  • Immunocompromised patients (23%) more frequently had infectious causes, comorbidities, inflammatory CSF, abnormal neuroimaging, and poorer outcomes (worse GOS, higher mortality).
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus were common in immunocompromised patients; HSV showed increased CSF neutrophilia in this group.
  • >10% of immunocompromised patients had autoimmune encephalitis, with two-thirds linked to checkpoint inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Immunocompromised patients with encephalitis present differently, have higher mortality, and distinct outcome predictors.
  • While HSV and opportunistic infections are key, autoimmune encephalitis, including checkpoint inhibitor-associated cases, must be considered in immunocompromised individuals.