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Evolving fitness and immune escape: a retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (2020-2024) using protein

Sihua Peng1,2, Leke Lyu1,3, Ludy Registre Carmola2

  • 1Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2immune escapeprotein fitnessprotein language modelsretrospective analysisspike protein

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