Structure optimization of landscape functional spaces based on land input-benefit output synergy in the Central...

Landscape functional spaces, as landscape units that fulfill various societal needs, may constrain regional ecological conservation and socio-economic development when internal imbalances occur between resource inputs and benefit outputs. Taking the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration as a case, we constructed an evaluation index system for land use inputs and benefit outputs across different landscape functional spaces, analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of input-output relationships, employed a coupling coordination model to assess input-output coordination across landscape functional spaces. We constructed four different priority coordination scenarios for input and output: production coordination priority, living coordination priority, ecological coordination priority, and planning orientation priority, and further used the BP-ANN model to simulate optimization schemes for landscape functional spaces under the four various coordination scenarios. The results showed that, from 2000 to 2020, ecological aspects consistently accounted for the highest land use inputs in the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, with ecological functions remaining the primary benefit output, while living benefits progressively increased. The overall input-output coordination index improved slightly, rising from 0.43 in 2000 to 0.46 in 2020, predominantly driven by enhanced coordination in production functional spaces. The landscape structure of the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration exhibited distinct adjustment requirements under four scenarios. Among them, the production coordination priority scenario should adjust the land layout, the ecological coordination priority scenario should increase the scale of land investment, the living coordination priority scenario and planning orientation priority scenario adjust the land layout while increasing land investment. This study would provide insights into coordinating internal functional spaces in urban agglomerations through land use adjustment.