Spatial metaphors of time elicit more temporal gestures in second language

We use space to think and talk about time. Our hand gestures reflect how we conceptualize time. This study examines the processing differences between L1-Turkish and L2-English spatial metaphors of time, looking at hand gestures and comparing them with literal spatial statements. We asked our participants to explain literal and metaphorical sentences and coded their gestures. Participants also rated the conventionality of sentences based on their clarity. Individuals produced more gestures for L1 literal and L2 metaphorical sentences. Higher L2 proficiency was related to fewer overall gesture use in L2. Participants produced more temporal gestures while explaining L2 than L1 metaphors. L2 metaphors elicited more two-handed gestures than L1 metaphors. Individuals used the lateral and sagittal axes equally frequently while producing temporal gestures. Last, beat gestures followed the direction of metaphors in speech. These findings suggest that spatial metaphors of time are processed differently in L1 and L2. The findings pave the way for potential research that might compare such metaphors in first and second language in terms of gesture production.