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Detecting environmentally dependent developmental plasticity in fossilized individuals.

Anieke Brombacher1,2,3, Alex Searle-Barnes1, James M Mulqueeney1,4

  • 1School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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PubMed
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Fossil records reveal how environmental changes impact species development. This study shows temperature influences planktonic foraminifera growth rates, demonstrating developmental plasticity in deep time.

Keywords:
deep timedevelopmental plasticityplanktonic foraminiferareaction norm

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • The fossil record offers insights into biodiversity changes but struggles with temporal resolution for individual environmental impacts.
  • Understanding phenotypic plasticity's role in macroevolution requires examining individual responses across geological timescales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the environmental dependence of developmental trajectories in planktonic foraminifera using fossil shells.
  • To assess the feasibility of detecting developmental plasticity in deep time.

Main Methods:

  • Coupled computed tomography (CT) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used to analyze foraminifera shells.
  • Mg/Ca ratios were measured to reconstruct paleotemperatures, and generalized additive mixed effect (GAMM) models analyzed growth rates.

Main Results:

  • Somatic growth rates in three *Menardella* species varied and were inversely correlated with calcification temperature.
  • Thermal sensitivity of growth rates differed significantly between species, with *M. limbata* and *M. pertenuis* showing double the sensitivity of *M. exilis*.
  • No environmental signal was detected for architectural shape traits, suggesting plasticity affects growth more than form.

Conclusions:

  • Detecting developmental plasticity in the fossil record is feasible using integrated analytical techniques.
  • Environmental factors, particularly temperature, influence the developmental trajectories of planktonic foraminifera over evolutionary time.
  • This approach can enhance our understanding of how trait variation drove life's diversification.