Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Leaving Groups

Leaving Groups

The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.
In a...

Discharge Summary Forms

Discharge Summary Forms

The discharge summary is crucial as it enables a smooth transition from a healthcare facility to a patient's home or another care setting. This critical document facilitates seamless continuity of care, ensuring patients receive the necessary support and attention.
Here's a detailed look at the key components and guidelines for preparing a discharge summary:

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

Framing Effects

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...

Forgetting

Forgetting

Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Lurking in the deep freeze?

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same author

Gulls, floods, and superbugs.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same author

Flight risks.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same author

Polio eradication effort struggles with end game.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same author

U.S. kills effort to hunt dangerous viruses.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same author

Childhood vaccine crusader shares concerns for future.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2023

Same journal

A native sulfur deposit in Gale crater, Mars.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same journal

Coordinated demise of harmful algal blooms.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same journal

Genetic effects put into context.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same journal

Bacteria share proteins to survive antibiotics.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same journal

Impacts shaped Earth's first continents.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same journal

Erratum for the Report "Covalently bonded single-molecule junctions with stable and reversible photoswitched conductivity" by C. Jia <i>et al</i>.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Published on: October 7, 2018

Left behind.

Jon Cohen¹

¹This story is part of a series about the impacts of U.S. funding cuts on global health, supported by the Pulitzer Center.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 3, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

US budget cuts jeopardize HIV progress in Lesotho and Eswatini. Years of advancements against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk due to funding reductions.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Published on: October 25, 2024

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Published on: July 20, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 17, 2025

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Published on: October 7, 2018

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Author Spotlight: Leaf Trait Analysis for Climate and Ecology Reconstruction in Modern and Ancient Plant Communities

Published on: October 25, 2024

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Published on: July 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Public Health
International Relations
Epidemiology

Background:

US budget cuts pose a significant threat to established HIV/AIDS programs in Southern Africa.
Years of progress in combating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic are jeopardized.

Discussion:

The potential impact of reduced funding on HIV prevention, treatment, and care services is a major concern.
The geopolitical and economic factors influencing US foreign aid for global health initiatives warrant further examination.

Key Insights:

HIV/AIDS programs in Lesotho and Eswatini face critical funding challenges.
The sustainability of HIV/AIDS interventions is threatened by external financial dependencies.

Outlook:

Urgent policy interventions are needed to secure sustained funding for HIV/AIDS programs.
International cooperation is crucial to maintain and advance progress in global HIV/AIDS response.