Sexual dimorphism in the behaviour and sensory systems of mosquitoes

In the animal kingdom, sexual dimorphism often creates marked differences between males and females. These can be so pronounced that individuals of the same species may even appear unrelated. Such dimorphism also extends to behaviours. Males often perform elaborate courtship rituals to attract females, while females usually invest in offspring care. Among insects too, sexual dimorphism in form and behaviour is readily observed. Here, we discuss sexual dimorphism in mosquitoes, whose males and females exhibit distinct anatomical, physiological, and behavioural differences. We focus on two behaviours: female-specific blood-feeding and male-specific courtship and mating. These behaviours rely on distinct sensory modalities resulting in sexual dimorphism within their sensory organs, neural circuits, and molecular genetics. We explore these differences in the context of olfaction, gustation, and audition in mosquitoes.