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Minimum sampling density determines soil bacterial diversity through ecosystem multifunctionality in a typical

Xinzhou Zhao1, Lan Li1, Fujiang Hou1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Grassland in Northwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.

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|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Determining the minimum sampling density is key for understanding ecosystem health and soil bacterial diversity. A range of 1.0-1.3 m² ha⁻¹ is recommended for typical steppes to accurately assess biodiversity.

Keywords:
Bacterial functionHeterogeneityMultifunctionalitySampling area

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Soil Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Understanding ecosystem condition requires appropriate sampling density.
  • Minimum sampling density's role in ecosystem multifunctionality and soil bacterial diversity is not well understood.
  • Long-term grazing trials create stable heterogeneous environments crucial for ecological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the minimum sampling density needed to accurately assess soil bacterial diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality.
  • To investigate the relationship between sampling density, bacterial communities, and biotic/abiotic factors.
  • To provide a basis for preventing biodiversity misestimation and reversing biodiversity loss.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a full-factorial sampling density experiment with 4016 sample combinations.
  • Analyzed bacterial community structure, function, and diversity.
  • Quantified biotic (plant diversity, biomass) and abiotic (soil nutrients) factors.
  • Used inflection points of exponential decay curves to determine minimum sampling densities.

Main Results:

  • Minimum sampling densities varied among indicators due to asynchronous responses.
  • Minimum sampling density for bacterial richness was 0.76 m² ha⁻¹, but 1.0-1.3 m² ha⁻¹ is suitable for the typical steppe.
  • Sampling density influences bacterial diversity via direct effects on community composition and indirect effects of biotic factors.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing minimum sampling density is crucial for accurate biodiversity assessment and understanding ecosystem multifunctionality.
  • The findings help prevent biodiversity misestimation and support efforts to reverse biodiversity loss.
  • A sampling density range of 1.0-1.3 m² ha⁻¹ is recommended for typical steppes to capture key ecological indicators.