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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Roadmap for animate matter.

Giorgio Volpe1, Nuno A M Araujo2,3, Maria Guix4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|July 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nature-inspired animate materials, with activity and adaptability, are emerging. This roadmap explores their potential for a sustainable circular economy, health, and climate resilience, guiding responsible development.

Keywords:
active matteranimate materialsanimate matterroadmap

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomimicry
  • Robotics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Built Environment

Background:

  • Humanity has historically drawn inspiration from nature for material and device innovation.
  • Animate materials, mimicking living systems' activity, adaptability, and autonomy, represent a rapidly advancing frontier.
  • Artificial animate materials promise significant impacts on the circular economy, health, and climate resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a roadmap of animate materials across disciplines and scales.
  • To highlight the interdisciplinary nature and diverse applications of animate materials.
  • To define a framework for classifying materials based on their level of animacy.

Main Methods:

  • Authoritative perspectives from various disciplines were gathered.
  • Animate materials were analyzed across different scales.
  • A classification framework based on animacy levels was proposed.

Main Results:

  • Animate materials offer transformative potential in nanotechnology, robotics, and the built environment.
  • Addressing challenges like complexity, scalability, and ethics is crucial for development.
  • A proposed framework can guide cooperation and responsible innovation.

Conclusions:

  • Leveraging principles of living matter can lead to sustainable material and system design.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical considerations are vital for advancing animate materials.
  • The development of animate materials is poised to reshape our world sustainably.