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Is there a biological component in gender identity?

Natalia S Fernández1, Rosa Fernández2, Marcelino Gómez-Balaguer3

  • 1Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Anales De Pediatria
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Summary

Gender identity is a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, including genetics. Research shows significant overlap in neuroanatomy across gender identities, meaning biological markers cannot predict an individual

Keywords:
Complex traitGender incongruenceGender minoritiesHereditarioHeritableIncongruencia de géneroMinorías de géneroPoligénicoPolygenicRasgo complejoTransgenderTransgénero

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Gender identity is an individual's internal sense of self, which may or may not align with sex assigned at birth.
  • Transgender individuals face significant challenges, increasing their risk for mood disorders and self-harm.
  • Understanding biological influences on gender identity can help reduce stigma against gender minorities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize the scientific evidence on the biological basis of gender identity.
  • To identify the limitations of current research in this field.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • The review focused on available scientific literature concerning the biological underpinnings of gender identity.

Main Results:

  • Gender identity is a multifactorial trait with a heritable component.
  • Neuroanatomical studies reveal high variability and overlap in brain characteristics across different gender identities.
  • Current genetic and neuroanatomical data cannot predict or identify an individual's gender identity.

Conclusions:

  • The diversity of gender identities may be an extension of the variation inherent in sexual reproduction.
  • Biological factors contribute to the spectrum of gender identities, highlighting its natural variation.