Emerging perovskite-based electrochemical biosensors for different biomarkers detection: innovations, applications,...

Perovskite materials have emerged as highly promising candidates for electrochemical biosensors due to their excellent electrical conductivity, thermal and chemical stability, catalytic activity, and structural tunability. Recent advances in perovskite-based electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated sensitive and accurate detection of clinically relevant biomarkers, including cancer antigens, small molecules, and nucleic acids. The integration of perovskites enhances sensor performance by improving signal response and facilitating effective immobilization of biological receptors on electrode surfaces. Compared to conventional biomarker detection methods, these biosensors offer improved sensitivity, lower costs, and simplified protocols. This review presents a focused overview of perovskite types, synthesis methods, and their specific roles in electrochemical biosensor design. It further highlights recent innovations, addresses current challenges, and outlines future prospects for combining perovskites with emerging technologies to advance rapid, accurate biomarker detection. Continued development in this field holds significant potential for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized medicine.