Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 17, 2025
Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
Published on: April 7, 2023
Menopausal Status-Dependent Alterations in Bone Mineral Density in Women Transitioning from Menopause to
Sampana Fatima1, Muhammad Talha1, Muhammad Abrar2
1Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan.
Introduction:
Bone loss begins between 30 and 40 years of age in men and women, with women experiencing an accelerated decline in bone mass and density after menopause. Understanding the interplay of hormonal changes, inflammation, and other factors during this period is critical for addressing bone health. The objective was to investigate the impact of menopausal transition and postmenopausal status on bone mineral density (BMD) and its associations with biochemical, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors among Pakistani women.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study involves 632 Pakistani women, equally divided into menopausal transition (MPT) and postmenopausal (PM) groups. Data on Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressure, BMD, hormonal levels (estrogen, (Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa (RANK-L)), inflammation markers (Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)), vitamin D, and demographic factors were collected. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and regression modeling to evaluate predictors of BMD while adjusting for confounders.
Results:
Postmenopausal women had higher BMI, blood pressure, and a greater prevalence of obesity compared to MPT women. Osteopenia was prevalent (49%), and osteoporosis affected 21.2% of participants. BMD was inversely correlated with FSH, RANK-L, IL-6, CRP, BMI, and parity, and positively associated with estrogen, OPG, vitamin D, and education. Regression analysis identified waist-to-hip ratio, BMI, and parity as significant predictors of reduced BMD.
Conclusion:
Menopause significantly impacts bone health, with hormonal changes, inflammation, and anthropometric factors contributing to BMD decline. Early identification of modifiable risk factors, such as high BMI, low education levels, and multiparity, is crucial for implementing targeted interventions. These findings emphasize the need for preventive strategies, including lifestyle modifications and early screening, to mitigate bone loss and its associated health risks in postmenopausal women.
More Related Videos
06:59Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
Published on: September 8, 2023
14:26A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
Published on: April 7, 2014
Related Concept Videos
01:29Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
01:28Menopause
01:40Bone Remodeling
01:31Essential Minerals for Bone Health
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
01:31Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling
01:25Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...