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Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...

Masking and Demasking Agents

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...

Catalysis

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...

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Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

Imaging Approaches to Assessments of Toxicological Oxidative Stress Using Genetically-encoded Fluorogenic Sensors

Published on: February 7, 2018

An esterase-sensitive persulfide/hydrogen sulfide generating fluorogenic probe enhances antioxidant response.

Bharat S Choudhary¹, Akshi Vashistha², Ankan Ghosh²

¹Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India. harinath@iiserpune.ac.in.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|July 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and related compounds combat oxidative stress. A new tool generates these protective molecules, safeguarding cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage.

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Medical Chemistry

Background:

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfane sulfur species are crucial endogenous antioxidants.
Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) poses a significant threat to cellular health.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel tool for generating H2S and sulfane sulfur species.
To investigate the protective effects of this tool against ROS-induced cellular damage.

Main Methods:

Design and synthesis of an esterase-sensitive persulfide generator.
Utilizing the tool to release phenacylthiol, an artificial substrate for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST).
Assessing chondrocyte viability under conditions of elevated ROS.

Main Results:

The developed tool effectively generates H2S and sulfane sulfur species upon esterase cleavage.
The generated species protect chondrocytes from ROS-induced lethality.
The tool releases a non-electrophilic lactone as a by-product.

Conclusions:

The esterase-sensitive persulfide generator is a viable method for enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses.
This tool offers a protective strategy against oxidative stress in cellular models.
The findings have implications for understanding and combating ROS-related cellular damage.