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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Dynamic Imaging of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with [18F]Tetrafluoroborate Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
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CAR-T cells in systemic sclerosis.

Lazaros I Sakkas1, Chistina Katsiari2, Vasiliki Syrmou2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. lsakkas@med.uth.gr.

Clinical Rheumatology
|July 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) treatment shows promise with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting B cells, offering improvements but facing challenges with fibrosis and accessibility. Newer CAR T-cell therapies are under investigation for progressive SSc.

Keywords:
Adverse effectsB cellsBispecific monoclonal antibodiesT cells

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis, microvasculopathy, and autoantibodies.
  • Early pathogenesis involves adaptive immune system activation (T cells, B cells, macrophages) and microvasculopathy.
  • Current immunosuppressive therapies, including anti-B cell biologics, have limitations, leaving significant unmet needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and challenges of autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc).
  • To explore novel CAR T-cell technologies for treating progressive and refractory SSc.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of autologous CD19-targeting CAR-T cells in a small cohort of SSc patients.
  • Monitoring of clinical outcomes including skin score, arthritis, digital ulcers, and organ involvement.
  • Evaluation of emerging CAR T-cell strategies like allogeneic, bispecific CAR-T cells, and CAR NK cells.

Main Results:

  • Autologous CAR-T cell therapy demonstrated improvements in skin score, arthritis, digital ulcers, and inflammation in heart and lungs.
  • Regression of lung fibrosis remains a significant challenge.
  • Autologous CAR-T cells present limitations including cost, availability, and potential adverse effects (CRS, neurotoxicity, infection).

Conclusions:

  • Autologous CD19-targeting CAR-T cells show therapeutic potential for SSc but are personalized, costly, and not widely accessible.
  • Advanced CAR T-cell therapies, such as allogeneic CAR-T and CAR-NK cells, are being investigated for refractory SSc.
  • Further research is needed to overcome challenges like lung fibrosis and improve treatment accessibility and safety.