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Related Experiment Videos

Submicron tip breakage and silanization control improve ion-selective microelectrodes.

S Tripathi, N Morgunov, E L Boulpaep

    The American Journal of Physiology
    |November 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Fabrication issues like tip blockage or poor water resistance cause liquid ion-exchanger (LIE) microelectrode failure. Controlled tip breakage and proper silanization significantly improve electrode yield and performance.

    Area of Science:

    • Electrochemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Liquid ion-exchanger (LIE) microelectrodes are crucial for measuring ion activity.
    • Failures in microelectrodes, particularly those with sub-0.15 micron tips, limit their reliable application.
    • Understanding failure mechanisms is key to improving microelectrode fabrication and performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the primary causes of failure in small-tip liquid ion-exchanger (LIE) microelectrodes.
    • To identify fabrication variables affecting electrode performance, specifically slope, selectivity, and resistance.
    • To develop methods for improving the yield and reliability of LIE microelectrodes.

    Main Methods:

    • Examination of microelectrode tips using scanning electron microscopy.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Controlled tip modification techniques, including dry tip breakage.
  • Contact angle measurements to assess tip hydrophobicity and silanization.
  • In vivo measurements of intracellular sodium (Na+) activity in isolated perfused tubules.

    • Main Results:

    • Tip occlusion and poor tip hydrophobicity were identified as major causes of LIE microelectrode failure.
    • Controlled dry tip breakage significantly increased the yield of usable electrodes.
    • Contact angle measurements effectively predicted adequate silanization and resin retention.
    • Silanization was successful even under high humidity conditions.
    • Intracellular Na+ activity measurements using modified electrodes were comparable to those from intact electrodes.

    Conclusions:

    • Microelectrode tip integrity and hydrophobicity are critical for proper function.
    • Controlled tip breakage is an effective method to improve LIE microelectrode yield.
    • Silanization, assessed by contact angles, is vital for electrode stability and performance.
    • These findings enhance the reliability of LIE microelectrodes for physiological measurements.