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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Functional RNA Elements in Alphavirus Genomes.

Jesús J Barraza Sánchez1, Sebastiano Volpe1,2, Santiago E Faraj3

  • 1Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Current Microbiology
|July 5, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alphaviruses utilize complex RNA elements for replication and host interaction. Understanding these viral RNA features is key to developing new therapies against these important pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Alphaviruses, Togaviridae family members, are significant reemergent human pathogens.
  • Their positive-sense RNA genomes encode viral proteins and contain regulatory cis-acting RNA elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifunctional roles of alphavirus cis-acting RNA elements.
  • To highlight their contribution to virus-host interactions, pathogenesis, and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on alphavirus RNA elements.
  • Comparative analysis of sequence and structural features across alphavirus species.

Main Results:

  • Identified key RNA elements: 5'stem-loop, subgenomic promoter, packaging signals, translation enhancer, codons, and 3'UTR.
  • These elements regulate viral life cycle, host interactions, and antiviral response evasion.
  • Demonstrated structural and functional diversity reflecting host pressures.

Conclusions:

  • Alphavirus RNA elements are critical for viral replication, pathogenesis, and adaptability.
  • Understanding these elements offers insights into viral molecular biology.
  • Targeting conserved viral RNA features presents potential therapeutic strategies.