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Longitudinal Trends in Racial and Gender Representation among Academic Faculty: A Systematic Review.

Zahra Jafari1,2,3,4, Mohammad Habibnezhad5, Marjorie Johnstone6

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Summary

Faculty diversity in academia shows some gains for underrepresented minorities (URiM) but persistent disparities, especially for URiM women. Systemic barriers continue to affect promotion and retention, particularly at senior levels.

Keywords:
Academic facultyGender inequalityIntersectionalityRacial/Ethnic representationUnderrepresented in medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Academic Medicine
  • Sociology of Education
  • Health Professions Education

Background:

  • Systemic barriers historically marginalize racial and ethnic minorities, particularly women, in academic faculty positions.
  • Despite efforts, significant disparities persist in faculty diversity within higher education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize longitudinal trends in the racial and gender composition of academic faculty.
  • To identify the evolution of diversity disparities over time and highlight persistent inequities.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched five databases (Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Gender Studies, MEDLINE) from 2014-2024.
  • Included 52 peer-reviewed articles, predominantly from medical/health fields, assessed for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.

Main Results:

  • Observed an increase in underrepresented in medicine (URiM) faculty in some fields, but stagnation or decline in others, especially at senior levels.
  • Intersectional analysis revealed URiM women face unique challenges: lower promotion rates and higher attrition.
  • Substantial inequities persist in leadership, promotion, and retention, exacerbated by intersectional factors.

Conclusions:

  • While some progress in URiM faculty representation exists, significant disparities remain.
  • URiM women encounter compounded challenges due to intersecting race and gender factors.
  • Future research should integrate qualitative data to understand barriers and inform targeted interventions.