Functional characterization of CEL3C reveals its critical role in regulating cellulase gene expression in Trichoderma...

The nuclear-localized β-glucosidase CEL3C in Trichoderma reesei plays a pivotal role in cellulase regulation, though its mechanism remains poorly understood. To address this, we disrupted CEL3C in the hypercellulolytic strain T. reesei Rut C30 via CRISPR-Cas9 and evaluated cellulase production under sophorose-rich MGD induction. Deletion of CEL3C significantly enhanced total cellulase activity by 31.28 % (p < 0.05), with β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, and cellobiohydrolase activities increasing by 94.97 %, 19.40 %, and 28.99 %, respectively. These improvements were driven by transcriptional upregulation of core cellulase genes (CEL7A: 2.01-fold; CEL6A: 1.5-fold; CEL12A: 2.0-fold; CEL5A: 1.32-fold) and β-glucosidases (CEL3A: 6.41-fold; CEL3B: 5.02-fold), confirming transcriptional-level control as the dominant regulatory mechanism. Transcriptomic profiling identified 688 differentially expressed genes (399 upregulated, 299 downregulated), with key changes including activation of transcriptional activators XYR1 (59.6 % increase), ACE3 (75.49 % increase), and RXE1 (161.56 % increase), suppression of repressors RCE1 (65.86 % decrease) and RCE2 (65.23 % decrease), and induction of sugar transporters (TrireC30_133589: 13.41-fold) and ER chaperones (BIP1: 1.26-fold; PDI1: 1.55-fold). These alterations collectively enhanced inducer uptake, enzyme maturation, and secretion while alleviating MAPK-mediated repression (TMK2: 110.54 % decrease). Intracellular sugar profiling revealed that gentiobiose and cellobiose were undetectable in the T. reesei ΔCEL3C, whereas glucose and sophorose levels increased by 31.71 % and 13.45 % (p < 0.05), respectively. These results suggest that CEL3C deletion enhances β-glucosidase-mediated hydrolysis of disaccharides into glucose and possibly promotes sophorose formation via transglycosylation. In parallel, the upregulation of disaccharide transporters may facilitate sophorose uptake. Together, these two mechanisms contributed to the intracellular enrichment of sophorose, thereby amplifying cellulase gene induction and enzyme production. Our findings establish CEL3C as a dual-function nuclear regulator that balances cellulase synthesis through transcriptional and enzymatic pathways, providing actionable targets for engineering T. reesei with optimized industrial cellulase yields.