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Related Concept Videos

Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis...
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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
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DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat
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Fatty acid nitroalkenes regulate intestinal lipid absorption.

Francisco J Schopfer1, Lihong Teng2, Ahssan Sekandari3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Center for Immunometabolism, Pittsburgh, PA.

Journal of Lipid Research
|July 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Fatty acid nitroalkenes (NO2-FA) are absorbed via the lymphatic system as triglycerides. These compounds unexpectedly reduce dietary fat absorption, impacting metabolic health.

Keywords:
Nitro-oleic acidchylomicronelectrophilefat absorptionlymph flownitroalkenes

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Area of Science:

  • Lipid metabolism and signaling
  • Gastrointestinal physiology
  • Inflammation and immunology

Background:

  • Fatty acid nitroalkenes (NO2-FA) are endogenous lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties.
  • Their electrophilic nature allows reversible reactions with protein thiols, modulating cellular functions.
  • Understanding NO2-FA absorption and distribution is critical due to their generation during digestion and therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the intestinal absorption and distribution mechanisms of orally administered 10-nitro-octadec-9-enoic acid (10-NO2-OA) in rats.
  • To determine the impact of 10-NO2-OA on lymphatic transport and dietary fat absorption.
  • To explore potential sex-related differences in NO2-FA absorption and metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized portal vein- and mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated conscious rats to study 10-NO2-OA absorption.
  • Administered 10-NO2-OA duodenally and analyzed plasma and lymph for distribution and esterification.
  • Assessed intestinal triglyceride uptake using 3H-triolein tracing in mice and quantified radioactivity distribution.

Main Results:

  • 10-NO2-OA was extensively esterified into triglycerides (∼60x greater than free acid) and primarily transported via the lymphatic system as chylomicron triglycerides (TAG).
  • No significant sex-related differences were observed in plasma distribution or lymphatic transport of 10-NO2-OA and its metabolite.
  • 10-NO2-OA significantly reduced lymph flow, chylomicron secretion, and dietary fat absorption by 75%, with a trend towards increased lipid incorporation into the intestinal mucosa.

Conclusions:

  • NO2-FA are absorbed and transported via the lymphatic system as esterified TAG, undergoing enterocyte metabolism irrespective of sex.
  • Orally administered NO2-FA unexpectedly inhibit intestinal fatty acid uptake, impacting overall dietary fat absorption.
  • These findings reveal novel mechanisms by which NO2-FA modulate inflammatory and metabolic syndrome-related pathologies.