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Updated: Sep 16, 2025
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Post-operative complications in combined versus staged breast reconstruction and risk-reducing gynecologic surgeries:
Kassra Garoosi1, Nargis Kalia2, Jubril Adepoju3
1School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Background:
Combined breast reconstruction and risk-reducing gynecologic procedures (RRGPs) have emerged as an alternative to the traditional staged approach, offering potential advantages such as reduced cumulative surgical burden and streamlined recovery. However, conflicting outcomes in the literature highlight the need for multi-institutional analyses to guide clinical decision-making.
Methods:
This multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study evaluated postoperative complications within 90 days of surgery among patients undergoing combined versus staged breast reconstruction and RRGPs. Data from three academic centers spanning 2010 to 2023 were analyzed. The primary outcome was the occurrence of complications, stratified by reconstruction type and gynecologic procedures. Secondary outcomes included emergency department visits, reoperations, readmissions, and hospital length of stay. Multivariable analyses controlled for confounding variables, including BMI, prior radiation therapy, and comorbidities.
Results:
Among 348 patients, 96 underwent combined procedures and 252 underwent staged procedures. Overall complication rates were comparable between groups after adjustment (adjusted OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66-1.10, p = 0.220). Combined procedures were associated with shorter operative times and hospital stays compared to staged surgeries (median 296 vs. 386 min, p < 0.001; mean: 1 day vs. 2 days, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of seroma/hematoma in tissue expander-based reconstruction within the combined cohort (45% vs. 13%, p = 0.020), while direct-to-implant and autologous reconstructions had similar complication rates between groups. Gynecologic complications were infrequent and did not differ significantly between cohorts.
Conclusions:
Combined procedures provide a viable alternative to staged approaches, offering logistical advantages without increasing overall complication rates. Careful patient selection and perioperative planning remain critical, particularly for tissue expander-based reconstruction, where complication risk may be higher in combined surgeries. Further prospective studies are needed to refine patient selection criteria and optimize outcomes.
