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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells
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Acetyl-CoA subcellular compartmentalization regulates T cell adaptation.

Annefien Tiggeler1, Paul J Coffer2

  • 1Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Current address: Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Cellular Immunology
|July 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

T cells reprogram metabolism for immune responses. Acetyl-CoA links metabolism and epigenetics, impacting T cell function and offering therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Keywords:
Acetyl-CoAEpigenetic remodellingMetabolic reprogrammingNuclear metabolismT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic pathways
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Naïve T cells activate, proliferate, and differentiate for effective immunity.
  • T cell activation requires metabolic and transcriptomic reprogramming to meet energy demands.
  • T cells dynamically adapt to nutrient availability, but underlying mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of acetyl-CoA metabolism on T cell functionality.
  • To investigate the role of acetyl-CoA in different subcellular compartments.
  • To highlight therapeutic potential of targeting acetyl-CoA pathways in T cell-related diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated acetyl-CoA metabolism in T cells.
  • Examined subcellular localization of acetyl-CoA generating enzymes.
  • Analyzed the metabolic-epigenetic axis in T cell activation.

Main Results:

  • Acetyl-CoA is central to T cell bioenergetics and epigenetic regulation.
  • Enzymes generating acetyl-CoA can localize to the nucleus, supporting localized production.
  • Metabolic adaptations are crucial for T cell functional flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • Acetyl-CoA metabolism significantly influences T cell function across cellular compartments.
  • Targeting acetyl-CoA pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
  • Understanding the metabolic-epigenetic axis is key to T cell-driven pathologies.