Advances and challenges in the treatment of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma represents the greatest percentage of malignant tumors in the bone and is distinguished by its high incidence of aggressiveness, metastasis, and recurrence after therapy. At present, the treatment strategies for osteosarcoma typically encompass surgical resection, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiotherapy. Even though there are now more extensive treatment options for osteosarcoma, the prognosis is still dismal, particularly for those who have metastatic osteosarcoma. Developing efficient treatment approaches therefore becomes crucial to turning things around. With the ongoing advancements in science and technology, together with the integration of research in diverse domains, more creative approaches to treating osteosarcoma have been explored in recent years. This article reviews the cutting-edge advances in osteosarcoma immunotherapy, biomedical materials, and gut microbiota in the field of osteosarcoma treatment. Ultimately, our goal is to increase the overall survival rate for patients with osteosarcoma by providing robust theoretical support for the development of innovative medications through an in-depth analysis and summary of the most recent advancements and obstacles facing osteosarcoma treatment.