Advanced strategies for targeting molecular pathways in Sjögren's syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome is unique amongst rheumatologic diseases with its very aggressive, chronic nature, and predominantly affects exocrine glands leading to symptoms such as dry mouth and eyes. However, its impact extends beyond secretory failure, potentially affecting other organ systems and multiplying the chances of non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas. Current research has shed light on hereditary vulnerabilities, extended immune reactions in the salivary glands, along with the role of the type 1 influenza pathway deepening our understanding of its pathophysiology. New biologics and small molecular agents targeting SS pathophysiology are advancing in the pharmaceutical pipeline. This review focuses on emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring gland function and reducing the overall body burden, as well as recent developments in the etiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome. By critically reviewing the literature, this study highlights the central role of immune dysregulation in SS and explores emerging therapeutic strategies, including biologics and targeted molecular interventions. It advocates for integrated treatment approaches and emphasizes the need to address extraglandular manifestations in clinical research. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of SS pathogenesis and provides a foundation for future therapeutic advancements.