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Neurosurgical Resident Skill Development Using a Novel Simulator-Based Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Faith C Robertson1, Corinna C Zygourakis2, Janet Y Wu2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

World Neurosurgery
|July 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that a 3D-printed anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) simulator improves surgical training. Neurosurgical residents using the simulator demonstrated faster procedure times and better anatomy knowledge.

Keywords:
EducationNeurosurgerySimulationSpaced repetitionSurgical trainingTechnical skills

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • Simulation-based training enhances surgical skills in a safe environment.
  • A pilot study was conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital and Stanford University.
  • The study evaluated a 3D-printed anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) simulator and spaced repetition learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility and impact of a novel simulator training curriculum for ACDF.
  • To evaluate improvements in procedural timing and anatomical knowledge among neurosurgical residents.

Main Methods:

  • 21 neurosurgery residents performed an ACDF procedure on a 3D-printed simulator.
  • Procedures were timed and video-recorded, with pre- and post-training anatomy tests and surveys.
  • Participants engaged in serial lab practice sessions with the simulator.

Main Results:

  • Significant reductions in operative times: skin incision to retractor docking (29.6%), cage placement (70%), and plate/screw placement (27.9%).
  • Anatomy assessment scores improved by an average of 1.6 points (P = 0.008).
  • 88.9% of residents agreed the simulator enhanced neurosurgical skills and recommended its curricular integration.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating a 3D-printed ACDF simulator with spaced repetition learning shows promise for enhancing surgical training.
  • The curriculum potentially improves procedural efficiency and anatomical understanding in neurosurgical trainees.
  • Further validation is recommended for broader curricular integration.