Endoscopic Approaches to Central Airway Obstuction and Life-Threatening Hemopytsis

Central airway obstruction (CAO) is a critical condition characterized by the blockage of the trachea or mainstem bronchi, leading to respiratory distress. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, pulmonary function tests, and imaging, with flexible bronchoscopy being the gold standard for direct visualization and intervention. Endoscopic techniques has revolutionized CAO management through minimally invasive techniques such as endobronchial tumor debulking, airway stenting, and balloon dilation. These methods aim to restore airway patency and control bleeding, improving patient outcomes. This review article highlights the importance of early recognition and the evolving therapeutic landscape in managing these complex airway conditions.