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What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
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Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Viral Tracing of Genetically Defined Neural Circuitry
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Carbon Quantum Dots Assisted Virus Tracking: From Skin to Brain.

Yaxiu Feng1, Xiong Wang1, Cien Chen1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) travels from skin to the brain via the spinal cord within 30 minutes. This study used carbon quantum dots and microneedles to track HSV-1 neuroinvasion, revealing spinal cord pathways.

Keywords:
HSV‐1carbon quantum dotsdissolving Microneedlenervesviral transport route

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Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can lead to severe neurological conditions like encephalitis and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The precise pathways HSV-1 uses to travel from peripheral infection sites to the brain are not fully understood.
  • Understanding HSV-1 neuroinvasion is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventative strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize an innovative method for real-time tracking of HSV-1 neuroinvasion from the skin to the brain.
  • To elucidate the primary routes HSV-1 takes to reach the central nervous system after peripheral infection.
  • To investigate the impact of spinal cord injury on HSV-1 transport dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dual system combining carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for labeling HSV-1 and dissolving microneedles (dMN) for targeted delivery.
  • Application of CQDs-labeled HSV-1 via dMN on skin and real-time in vivo imaging to monitor viral movement.
  • Utilizing a microfluidic system to observe HSV-1 infection and transport in cultured neurons (SH-SY5Y cells).

Main Results:

  • HSV-1 preferentially infects peripheral skin nerves and rapidly travels to the brain via the spinal cord within 10-30 minutes.
  • Spinal cord injury significantly impedes HSV-1 transport from the skin to the brain, but not from the bloodstream.
  • In vitro studies confirmed HSV-1's preference for infecting neurites and subsequent transport to neuronal cell bodies.

Conclusions:

  • The combined CQDs and dMN approach provides a powerful tool for visualizing neurotropic virus transport in real-time.
  • The spinal cord serves as a major and rapid route for HSV-1 entry into the brain from peripheral skin infections.
  • This study offers critical insights into viral neuroinvasion mechanisms, potentially guiding future therapeutic interventions for HSV-1-associated neurological disorders.