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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation
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Defining the Parameters for Sorting of RNA Cargo Into Extracellular Vesicles.

Ahmed Abdelgawad1,2, Yiyao Huang3,4, Olesia Gololobova3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) package circular RNAs (circRNAs) and linear RNAs through specific mechanisms. RNA structuredness significantly influences circRNA enrichment in EVs, impacting cell communication.

Keywords:
RNA imagingSPIRFISHcircRNAscis elementsenrichedexosomesextracellular vesicleslncRNAsmRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication via RNA transfer.
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, enriched in EVs, and show disease-specific expression, making them potential biomarkers.
  • Mechanisms governing circRNA and long linear RNA enrichment in EVs remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors governing the sorting and enrichment of circular and long linear RNAs into EVs.
  • To develop a predictive model for RNA packaging into EVs based on RNA properties.
  • To elucidate the role of RNA structuredness in circRNA enrichment compared to linear counterparts.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of RNA properties including structuredness, shape, GC content, size, exon count, and coding potential.
  • Development and validation of a predictive model for EV RNA packaging using single-molecule RNA imaging.
  • Validation of findings on existing public databases of circular and linear RNAs in EVs.

Main Results:

  • RNA structuredness, shape, GC%, size, exon count, and coding potential influence EV packaging.
  • A predictive model for RNA EV packaging was successfully developed and validated.
  • RNA structuredness was identified as a key factor explaining the preferential enrichment of circRNAs over linear RNAs in EVs.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding RNA properties like structuredness is crucial for deciphering EV-mediated RNA sorting mechanisms.
  • This research provides mechanistic insights into circRNA and linear RNA enrichment in EVs.
  • Findings are vital for engineering EVs with specific RNA cargo for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.