Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Plant Diversity

Introduction to Plant Diversity

From Water to Land

Non-vascular Seedless Plants

Non-vascular Seedless Plants

The diverse plant life on Earth—consisting of nearly 400,000 species—can be divided into three broad categories based on biological characteristics: nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

SABER bioprinting: a temporal platform for multiday assembly of engineered tissues.

Biofabrication·2026

Same author

Planar neural organoids as an advanced in vitro model to study patient-derived melanoma metastasis.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Phytochemical Composition of Clonally Propagated <i>Artemisia annua</i> L. in Different Geographical Locations and Its Commercial Supplement Quality.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Plasmid DNA vaccines encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles elicit STING-dependent type 1 interferon release.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026

Same author

Engineered Development: Directed Morphogenesis of an Embryonic Heart Tube.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Same author

Fetal Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Incorporated Into Silk Scaffolds Leads to Beneficial Cardiovascular Patch Remodeling in a Large Animal Model of RVOT Surgical Repair.

Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: May 31, 2018

Biocompatibility of decellularized spinach leaves.

Joshua R Gershlak^1,2,3, Cole K Burgess¹, Gianluca Fontana⁴

¹Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA.

Npj Biomedical Innovations

|July 7, 2025

Summary

Decellularized spinach leaves show promise as biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering. Modified protocols enhance safety, leading to successful integration and limited immune response in rat implants.

Keywords:

Bioinspired materials Biomaterials Tissue engineering

More Related Videos

Decellularization and Recellularization Methodology for Human Saphenous Veins

Decellularization and Recellularization Methodology for Human Saphenous Veins

Published on: July 27, 2018

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: June 9, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: May 31, 2018

Decellularization and Recellularization Methodology for Human Saphenous Veins

Decellularization and Recellularization Methodology for Human Saphenous Veins

Published on: July 27, 2018

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: June 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Tissue Engineering
Plant-based Scaffolds

Background:

Decellularized spinach leaves previously showed potential as prevascularized scaffolds.
Further investigation into leaf scaffold biocompatibility is necessary for clinical translation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the biocompatibility of decellularized spinach leaf scaffolds using modified decellularization protocols.
To assess the host response and tissue integration of functionalized leaf scaffolds in vivo.

Main Methods:

Modified decellularization protocols using reduced detergent concentration and time.
In vitro leaching assays to assess cell viability.
Subcutaneous implantation of decellularized and RGD-dopamine peptide-functionalized leaf scaffolds in Sprague Dawley rats.
Histological analysis to evaluate host tissue integration and immunological response.

Main Results:

Modified decellularization resulted in limited toxicity and minimal impact on cell viability.
Implanted leaf scaffolds exhibited a limited immunological response up to 4 weeks.
RGD-dopamine peptide-functionalized scaffolds showed enhanced integration with host tissue, including collagen deposition within 1 week.

Conclusions:

Modified decellularization protocols improve the safety profile of spinach leaf scaffolds.
Decellularized spinach leaves demonstrate good biocompatibility and promote host tissue integration.
These findings support the potential of plant-derived scaffolds for regenerative medicine and clinical applications.