Incomplete systemic capillary leak syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: a case-based review

Although generalized edema is a rare adverse event after drugs or vaccinations, here we report a case of generalized edema with systemic inflammatory reaction clinically similar to incomplete systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), potentially triggered by COVID-19 immunization. The patient presented with generalized subcutaneous edema, a drop in blood pressure, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, and hypoalbuminemia after receiving the vaccine, with no other apparent cause than vaccination. Comprehensive diagnostic evaluation revealed no specific underlying cause. She was treated with glucocorticosteroids successfully. This case underscores the importance of recognizing rare but severe adverse events associated with vaccinations. Given the widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccines, it is crucial to identify and understand such reactions to ensure timely diagnosis and management. Therefore, we review the existing cases of SCLS following COVID-19 vaccination. Our review highlights the need for heightened vigilance and further research into the mechanisms underlying vaccine-induced phenomena to improve patient outcomes and vaccine safety profiles.