Organoids for tissue repair and regeneration

Tissue damage and dysfunction are common consequences of various diseases and trauma, severely impacting patients' quality of life. Organoids, three-dimensional cell clusters formed through the self-organization of stem cells, not only recapitulate the developmental processes of native tissues but also exhibit remarkable plasticity and long-term expansion capabilities, demonstrating potential to overcome limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches. Particularly in addressing challenges such as immune rejection and regenerative efficiency, organoid technology has shown distinct advantages. This review summarizes the applications of organoids in tissue repair, including the biological principles and cultivation strategies of organoid culture, as well as their specific applications and preclinical research progress across diverse tissues (e.g., brain, liver, intestine, bone). Additionally, it discusses current challenges in organoid technology, such as large-scale production, heterogeneity control, and clinical translation, while outlining future development directions.