Review on various activator-assisted polymer grafting techniques for smart drug delivery applications

Activator-assisted polymer grafting has emerged as a crucial approach in the development of advanced drug delivery systems, enabling precise regulation of drug release, targeting, and biocompatibility. In contrast to traditional formulation techniques, activator-mediated grafting methods, including redox initiation, photo-induced reactions, plasma treatment, and enzymatic catalysis, provide improved functionalization of polymers, achieving high grafting efficiency and adjustable properties. This review presents a thorough assessment of polymer grafting methodologies, encompassing grafting-to, grafting-from, and grafting-through techniques, with a detailed examination of the function of activators in facilitating these processes. The focus is directed towards enhancing polymer solubility, mucoadhesion, and responsiveness to physiological stimuli through these strategies, ultimately leading to optimized therapeutic performance. Furthermore, the review examines current developments and biomedical applications of activator-assisted grafted polymers, particularly in targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and formulations tailored for specific diseases. The insights presented aim to guide the development of advanced polymers that demonstrate superior efficacy, minimize systemic toxicity, and enhance patient adherence.