Integrating Wind Speed Into Climate-Based West Nile Virus Models: A Comparative Analysis in Two Distinct Regions

Since its introduction to North America in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has become the most widespread mosquito-borne disease in the United States. Climatic conditions significantly influence transmission dynamics. While temperature, precipitation, and humidity are known to affect mosquito populations and virus replication, wind speed is often neglected in transmission models despite its potential to alter mosquito behavior and facilitate mosquito dispersal. This study incorporates wind speed into climate-based WNV models to compare its effects in Louisiana and South Dakota, two U.S. states with contrasting climates, land cover, and vector and host species. From 2004 to 2022, we analyzed weekly WNV human case data in relation to daily meteorological data. The relationships were modeled using logistic regression with distributed lag effects. Incorporating wind speed consistently enhanced the fit of climate-based models across both states, as evidenced by the Akaike Information Criterion. Higher-than-normal wind speeds were associated with decreased WNV cases over specific lag periods, suggesting that increased wind speed may inhibit mosquito activity and reduce virus transmission. Differences in how temperature and moisture-related variables influenced the two regions highlight the importance of considering regional climatic contexts. These findings demonstrate that incorporating wind speed can enhance meteorological models of mosquito-borne diseases and reinforce the importance of considering a broader range of climatic factors beyond temperature and precipitation. Understanding these regional variations is essential for predicting local climatic influences on disease transmission, which can support the implementation of more targeted and effective public health strategies.