Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

421
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
421
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

46.9K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
46.9K
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

331
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
331
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

1.2K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Persistence of CXCR4-tropic virus in people living with four-class drug-resistant HIV and its clinical impact in the modern antiretroviral era.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2025
Same author

CD4 T cell counts are inversely correlated with anti-gp120 cluster A antibodies in antiretroviral therapy-treated PLWH.

EBioMedicine·2025
Same author

Time fixes everything, but not always: 10 years of persistent PI mutations in the absence of pharmacological pressure-a case report.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2025
Same author

Prevalence and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in People With HIV Receiving Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine.

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)·2025
Same author

Risk of Cancer in People With HIV Experiencing Varying Degrees of Immune Recovery With Sustained Virological Suppression on Antiretroviral Treatment for More Than 2 Years: An International, Multicenter, Observational Cohort.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2025
Same author

Selected comorbidities and the probability of ART switch in PWH with undetectable HIV-RNA: a retrospective analysis in Italy.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
23:56

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

16.8K

Addressing late HIV presentation: the current knowledge and unmet needs.

Tommaso Clemente1,2, Rebecka Papaioannu-Borjesson1,2, Antonella Castagna1,2

  • 1Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Late HIV presentation is a major global issue, impacting half of new diagnoses. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for better outcomes and reduced transmission risks in these patients.

Keywords:
HIV diagnosisHIV epidemiologyHIV late presentationantiretroviral therapycomorbiditiesimmune reconstitution inflammatory syndromeopportunistic infections

More Related Videos

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

2.5K
An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

18.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
23:56

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

16.8K
Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

2.5K
An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
19:57

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

Published on: March 30, 2014

18.7K

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Late HIV presentation (CD4+ <350 cells/μL or AIDS-defining condition) affects ~50% of new diagnoses globally.
  • This leads to poor outcomes, increased illness, mortality, and transmission due to delayed diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review definitions, risk factors, epidemiology, and clinical implications of late HIV presentation.
  • To highlight evidence for timely antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and management strategies for opportunistic infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review examining definitions, risk factors, and clinical management of late HIV presenters.
  • Analysis of current evidence on ART efficacy, opportunistic infection management, and challenges in advanced HIV disease.

Main Results:

  • Late presenters, including older adults, women, PWID, and migrants, require targeted prevention and care.
  • INSTI-based ART is preferred, but optimal strategies for severe opportunistic infections (e.g., meningitis) require further research.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing late HIV presentation is critical for improving patient outcomes and reducing transmission.
  • Further research is needed to optimize ART strategies and manage complex co-morbidities in advanced HIV disease.