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Measuring Pilot Mental Workload During Flights Without PAPI Lights Using a Wearable Device.

Chuang Liu1,2, Chenyang Zhang3,4, Wenbing Zhu2

  • 1Xinjin Flight College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The absence of Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights significantly increases pilot mental workload and affects landing accuracy. Heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring effectively assesses this increased workload during challenging flight conditions.

Keywords:
Flight safetyHeart rate variabilityPAPI lightsPilot mental workloadWearable device

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Area of Science:

  • Aviation Psychology
  • Human Factors Engineering
  • Aerospace Medicine

Background:

  • Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights are critical visual aids for pilots during approach and landing.
  • Understanding the impact of absent visual cues on pilot cognitive load is essential for flight safety.
  • Pilot mental workload assessment is vital for optimizing training and operational procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of PAPI light absence on pilot mental workload during approach and landing.
  • To evaluate the utility of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis in quantifying pilot mental workload.
  • To correlate physiological stress indicators with flight performance metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated flight scenarios were conducted with and without PAPI lights.
  • Sixteen cadet pilots with prior flight experience participated.
  • Cardiac activity was monitored using a Polar Verity Sense device, and HRV was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The absence of PAPI lights significantly increased pilot mental workload.
  • Instructor ratings indicated reduced descent trajectory accuracy without PAPI lights.
  • Specific HRV features (SDNN, CVNNI, STD_HR, MIN_HR, SD2) and derived metrics (TOTAL_POWER, RATIO_SD2_SD1) correlated with workload.

Conclusions:

  • Visual guidance cues like PAPI lights play a significant role in managing pilot mental workload.
  • HRV-based monitoring offers a valuable, objective method for assessing pilot mental workload in aviation.
  • Findings highlight the need for robust visual systems and advanced monitoring techniques in aviation safety.