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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
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Immunity is a crucial biological concept about our body's inherent capacity to prevent infections and diseases. A complex network of cells and tissues collectively known as the immune system facilitates this natural defense mechanism. The immune system plays an integral role in maintaining our health and well-being, shielding us from potential health threats.
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Trained Innate Immunity.

Sayanti Pal1, Zaina Rafiq2, Rekha Kumari3

  • 1Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.

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The innate immune system exhibits memory, enhancing resistance to infections through trained immunity. Vaccines leveraging trained immunity offer broad protection independent of adaptive immunity, representing a new immunization strategy.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • The innate immune system possesses adaptive characteristics, including a memory of prior infections.
  • Innate immune cells like monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells can confer protection independently of lymphocytes.
  • Trained immunity, a sustained heightened state of innate immunity, enhances resistance to secondary infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of trained immunity in vaccine development.
  • To highlight the paradigm shift represented by trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV).
  • To discuss how TIbV can enhance innate and adaptive immune responses for improved protection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of research on innate immune memory and trained immunity.
  • Analysis of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) engagement in initiating trained immunity.
  • Examination of examples like BCG vaccination and potential of Mycobacterium manresensis.

Main Results:

  • Trained immunity is initiated by PRR ligands and involves epigenetic reprogramming.
  • BCG vaccination induces long-lasting immune modifications and heterologous Th1/Th17 responses.
  • Heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis shows potential for inducing trained immunity in vitro.

Conclusions:

  • Trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) offer a novel strategy for broad-spectrum protection.
  • TIbV can enhance both innate and adaptive immunity, improving conventional vaccine efficacy.
  • Integrating trained innate immunity into vaccines promises enhanced immune protection against infectious diseases.