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Muscles of the Eye

Muscles of the Eye

The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

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Eyelid Reconstruction Using Tenzel Flap Combinated With Glabellar Flap.

Junho Lee¹, Da Yoon Kwon, Sung-No Jung

¹Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|July 7, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Reconstructing eyelid defects after tumor removal can be complex. This study details a successful eyelid reconstruction using a Tenzel flap combined with a glabellar flap for a medial canthal defect.

Keywords:

Glabellar flap periorbital defect reconstruction tenzel flap

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Area of Science:

Oculoplastic surgery
Facial reconstruction
Dermatologic surgery

Background:

Periorbital defects often result from skin tumor excision, trauma, or congenital issues.
Eyelid reconstruction requires careful consideration due to the delicate facial anatomy.
Existing local flaps like glabellar, forehead, and cheek advancement flaps have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel combined flap technique for challenging eyelid reconstruction.
To address a sizable medial canthal defect following tumor excision.
To evaluate the efficacy of the Tenzel flap combined with the glabellar flap.

Main Methods:

A case study detailing a specific surgical approach.
Utilized a combination of the Tenzel flap and the glabellar flap.
Reconstruction focused on a medial canthal defect after tumor excision.

Main Results:

Successful reconstruction of a sizable medial canthal defect was achieved.
The combined Tenzel and glabellar flap technique proved effective.
Restoration of eyelid function and aesthetics was noted.

Conclusions:

The combined Tenzel flap and glabellar flap is a viable option for complex eyelid reconstruction.
This technique effectively addresses medial canthal defects.
Further studies may explore broader applications of this combined flap approach.