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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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A novel energy layer optimization strategy based on machine specific delivery sequence for proton arc therapy.

Siman Wang1, Qingkun Fan2, Lewei Zhao3

  • 1School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new strategy for proton arc therapy (PAT) optimizes energy layer selection, significantly reducing beam delivery time by 23.93%. This approach enhances treatment efficiency without limiting energy jumps, paving the way for clinical applications.

Keywords:
delivery efficiencyenergy jumpenergy layer optimizationproton arc therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Proton arc therapy (PAT) faces challenges with energy layer switching time due to magnetic hysteresis, typically taking longer for upward than downward transitions.
  • Previous research focused on minimizing the number of energy jumps (NEJ) to improve treatment efficiency.
  • Faster energy layer switching is achievable, particularly for small energy variations, by implementing magnetic field feedback in the energy layer switching system (ELSS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel energy selection optimization strategy, termed energy layer optimization with energy jumps threshold (ELO-EJT), designed to enhance treatment delivery efficiency in PAT.
  • To leverage a fast ELSS, enabling energy jumps within a predefined threshold, thereby reducing overall treatment time.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the ELO-EJT algorithm in improving treatment delivery efficiency while maintaining plan quality.

Main Methods:

  • The ELO-EJT algorithm employs a two-step approach: initial energy layer optimization (ELO) followed by plan-quality re-optimization.
  • The ELO problem is addressed using the proximal forward-backward splitting method.
  • Plan-quality re-optimization is performed using the alternating direction method of multipliers.
  • The algorithm was tested on eight clinical cases using the open-source treatment planning system matRad.

Main Results:

  • The ELO-EJT algorithm achieved comparable plan quality to the standard spot-scanning proton arc therapy sequential ( _seq) algorithm.
  • It significantly reduced beam delivery time (BDT) by 23.93 ± 4.12%, from 123.95 ± 11.94 s to 94.14 ± 8.82 s.
  • This reduction was achieved without imposing limitations on the number of energy jumps.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ELO-EJT strategy effectively reduces treatment delivery time in spot-scanning proton arc therapy.
  • It minimizes the number of energy jumps exceeding a specific threshold (NEJT), enhancing efficiency.
  • This approach facilitates the clinical adoption of spot-scanning PAT by improving treatment delivery speed.