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Visual attention and cognitive workload using different laparoscopic box trainers and mixed-reality feedback.

Aseel F Khanfar1,2, Sanaz Motamedi1, Shawn D Safford3

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Surgical Endoscopy
|July 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Eye-tracking and mental workload metrics effectively differentiate novice surgical skills in mixed-reality laparoscopic training. These objective measures can enhance competency evaluation and adaptive training programs for surgeons.

Keywords:
Eye-tracking metricsLaparoscopic trainingMental workloadMixed-reality simulatorsPediatric laparoscopyVisual attention

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Education Technology
  • Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS)
  • Human Factors in Medicine

Background:

  • Laparoscopic surgery, while revolutionary, presents visual and cognitive challenges, particularly in pediatric cases.
  • Traditional laparoscopic simulation-based training (SBT) lacks objective feedback and assessment capabilities.
  • Mixed-reality (MR) simulation offers potential for real-time, objective evaluations in surgical training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of MR feedback on visual attention and mental workload during laparoscopic simulation.
  • To differentiate novice and expert surgical skills using objective metrics in adult and pediatric laparoscopic trainers.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of eye-tracking and mental workload indicators for skill assessment in MR environments.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited expert (n=4) and novice (n=24) surgeons for laparoscopic box trainer simulations.
  • Utilized eye-tracking metrics (fixations, saccades) and mental workload indicators (pupil diameter, NASA-TLX) during peg transfer tasks.
  • Employed k-means clustering to classify novice proficiency levels based on collected metrics.

Main Results:

  • Eye-tracking and mental workload metrics successfully differentiated novice proficiency groups from expert performance.
  • Novices showed shorter fixation durations with pediatric trainers versus adult trainers.
  • Lower pupil diameter was observed when participants began with pediatric trainers (p=0.016), but MR feedback did not significantly alter visual attention or workload.

Conclusions:

  • Objective metrics of visual attention and mental workload in MR environments effectively distinguish novice proficiency in laparoscopic trainers.
  • Eye-tracking metrics are validated for objective skill assessment in both adult and pediatric laparoscopic simulation.
  • These findings support the use of MR simulation for adaptive training programs and competency evaluation in surgical education.