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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions
For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp) of the reactants and products. A relation between these two K values may be simply derived from the ideal gas equation and the definition of molarity. According to the ideal gas equation:

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Published on: August 17, 2018

Boosting Homogeneous Hydrogenation of CO₂ via the Data-Driven Approach.

Min Zhang¹, Peng Li¹, Guangchao Liang²

¹Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710077, P. R. China.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal

|July 8, 2025

Summary

This study advances homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to valuable chemicals using ruthenium (Ru) catalysts. It highlights data-driven methods and descriptors for efficient carbon utilization and energy storage.

Keywords:

CO2 hydrogenation Data‐driven Descriptor Machine learning Ruthenium hydrides

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

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Last Updated: Sep 16, 2025

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Published on: August 17, 2018

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Green Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Homogeneous hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) offers a sustainable route for producing valuable chemicals like formic acid and methanol.
Ruthenium (Ru) complexes are effective catalysts for CO₂ hydrogenation.
Data-driven approaches are emerging as powerful tools for catalyst optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To present advances in Ru-catalyzed homogeneous hydrogenation of CO₂.
To highlight the application of descriptors in catalyst design.
To explore the potential of intelligence-assisted data-driven strategies for CO₂ conversion.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a data-driven approach for catalyst investigation.
Applying descriptors to understand structure-activity relationships.
Developing intelligence-assisted methodologies for optimizing catalytic processes.

Main Results:

Demonstrated progress in Ru-catalyzed CO₂ hydrogenation.
Identified key descriptors for enhancing catalytic performance.
Showcased the efficacy of data-driven strategies in accelerating catalyst discovery.

Conclusions:

Ru-catalyzed homogeneous hydrogenation is a viable pathway for carbon utilization.
Descriptors and data-driven approaches significantly improve catalyst development.
Intelligence-assisted methods promise efficient and accelerated CO₂ valorization for renewable energy storage.