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Related Concept Videos

Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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Counterintuitive Range Shifts May Be Explained by Climate Induced Changes in Biotic Interactions.

Inna Osmolovsky1, Zoe A Xirocostas2, Giancarlo M Chiarenza3

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Global Change Biology
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Climate change causes many species to shift ranges, but some move counterintuitively. The

Keywords:
biotic interactionsclimate changedownhillequatorwardinteraction opportunists hypothesisrange shifts

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Organisms are expected to shift ranges in response to climate change.
  • However, over a third of species exhibit counterintuitive range shifts.
  • Current species distribution models often fail to predict these counterintuitive shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new hypothesis explaining counterintuitive species range shifts.
  • To formalize the role of biotic interactions in driving these shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development.
  • Literature synthesis on species distribution models and biotic interactions.

Main Results:

  • The 'Interaction Opportunists Hypothesis' posits that climate-driven changes in biotic interactions at the warm range edge cause counterintuitive shifts.
  • Altered interactions (e.g., reduced antagonism, increased facilitation) can open previously unsuitable habitats.
  • Biotic interactions may also explain range shift lags and persistence in declining habitats.

Conclusions:

  • Biotic interactions are crucial for accurately forecasting species range shifts.
  • Understanding these interactions improves conservation and climate change mitigation strategies.
  • The proposed hypothesis offers a generalizable framework for diverse ecological systems.