Photoactivatable bioinspired nanomedicines

Photoactivatable nanomedicines are therapeutic agents that generate heat, produce reactive oxygen species, or initiate photochemical reactions through their interaction with light. These agents can be used for the diagnosis, monitoring and remote induction of therapeutic effects. However, such nanoconstructs may have limitations, primarily attributable to the light-matter interaction and/or to the physiological characteristics of the disease. Consequently, there is growing interest in photoactivatable bioinspired nanoconstructs, which have led to significant improvements in their functionalities. By employing rational design methodologies, biomimicry enables researchers to engineer light-responsive nanomaterials with enhanced functionalities. The bioinspiration from phototrophs, light-harvesting antennas, chlorophylls, and carotenoids has led to the development of unique spatial organizations with broad spectral cross-sections. This resulted in more effective light collection and conversion into chemical energy. For instance, mechanisms like photoprotection can prevent photodamage and ensure treatment safety. In addition, certain animals, particularly marine species, generate or utilize light from other non-photosynthetic species to enhance their function. Finally, photoactivatable nanomedicines bioinspired by the functionalities of DNA scaffolds or biohybridized with cell membranes, cyanobacteria or hemoglobin have been discussed. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on how bioinspiration has contributed to the development of photoactivatable nanomedicines by overcoming some of the conventional nanosystem limitations.