Nanotechnology-enhanced immunotherapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a dismal five-year survival rate. The tumor microenvironment, characterized by dense stroma and immunosuppression, significantly limits the effectiveness of current treatments, including immunotherapy. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by enabling precise drug delivery, enhancing immune activation, and overcoming physical barriers within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of PDAC development and the immunosuppressive nature of its tumor microenvironment, emphasizing the challenges faced by immunotherapy. We also examine the role of nanotechnology in modulating the tumor microenvironment, enhancing cancer vaccine efficacy, and stimulating immune cells within the PDAC tumor microenvironment. Current clinical trials employing nanotechnology-based strategies are discussed, providing insight into their potential for improving therapeutic outcomes. While significant challenges remain in translating nanomedicine into clinical success, the integration of nanotechnology with immunotherapy holds promise for overcoming the limitations of conventional treatments and improving survival in PDAC patients.