Innovations in cryo-electron tomography for tissues: Challenges and future prospects

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is revolutionizing in situ structural analysis of single-cell specimens, yet its application to tissues has been hindered, primarily due to challenges posed by tissue thickness. Advances in sample vitrification, cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling, and lift-out techniques have substantially improved tissue preparation, enabling thin, electron microscopy-compatible samples. Furthermore, the integration of automation, complementary imaging modalities, and AI has streamlined imaging workflows and data analysis. This review highlights these technological developments, their implications for tissue analysis, and the future potential of cryo-ET in advancing structural biology and biomedical research.