Neocortex Folding in Primates up to Human: Evolution and Mechanisms.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Developmental Biology
• Evolutionary Biology

Background:

• Neocortical folding is a key feature of mammalian brain development, particularly in humans and non-human primates.
• This process enables a larger cortical surface area, housing more neurons, within the cranial cavity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the fundamental principles and driving factors of cortical folding.
• To explore the evolution of cortical folding, distinguishing between conserved and evolved types.
• To discuss various model systems used in studying cortical folding.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on cortical folding principles and evolution.
• Analysis of factors contributing to mechanical asymmetry in fold formation.
• Examination of conserved and evolved folding patterns, considering neuron production and migration.
• Assessment of human tissue/cell-based, animal (e.g., ferret), and computational models.

Main Results:

• Cortical folding is driven by mechanical asymmetry, with distinct conserved and evolved patterns.
• Neuron production and migration play crucial roles in different folding types.
• Various models offer insights into folding mechanisms, from human malformations to computational predictions.

Conclusions:

• Understanding cortical folding mechanisms is vital for comprehending brain development and evolution.
• Cerebral organoids and specific animal models like the ferret show promise for future research.
• Computational models are valuable for predicting folding patterns and guiding future research directions.