Conditional benefits of social integration in wild female geladas

While strong maternal relationships have been linked with improved offspring survival in many mammals, maternal sociality appears to provide little protection against infanticidal males. Here, we evaluated whether maternal social integration predicts offspring survival to adulthood in geladas (Theropithecus gelada), a non-human primate that faces frequent alpha male takeovers coupled with high rates of infanticide. Mothers that formed stronger grooming relationships with their female and male groupmates showed higher offspring survival on average. However, when their infants experienced early-life takeovers and faced elevated infanticide risk, these survival advantages were weaker, delayed to juvenility and linked only to female-female grooming relationships. Thus, long-term social integration was not associated with reduced infanticide risk. Given this, we then examined whether females engaged in short-term social strategies that might provide more targeted protection against would-be male attackers. Following takeovers, females-particularly those with young, vulnerable infants-groomed males less frequently and prioritized deposed, protective males (i.e. their infants' presumed fathers) over new, potentially infanticidal males. Taken together, these data suggest that gelada mothers: (i) form long-term social relationships that might improve net offspring survival and (ii) implement short-term social strategies that might protect their offspring in ways that long-term relationships cannot.