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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The self-reference effect is a well-documented memory bias where self-related information is recalled better.
  • The developmental trajectory and emergence of the self-reference effect in early childhood remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental emergence of the self-reference effect in human infants.
  • To explore the relationship between the self-reference effect and the development of a self-concept.

Main Methods:

  • 18-month-old infants were presented with objects assigned to themselves or another agent.
  • Memory for objects was tested using visual recognition tasks.
  • Mirror self-recognition was used as an index for the emergence of self-concept.

Main Results:

  • Infants demonstrating self-recognition showed a self-reference effect, recalling self-assigned objects better.
  • Infants not yet self-recognizing exhibited an 'other-reference effect,' recalling other-assigned objects better.
  • These findings were independent of infant age or inhibitory control differences.

Conclusions:

  • The self-reference effect emerges in conjunction with the development of self-concept in the second year of life.
  • Prior to self-concept development, infants display an 'other-reference effect,' prioritizing information related to others.
  • This suggests an early-life bias towards encoding information relevant to social interactions and external agents.