Mapping Menstrual and Pelvic Health Scenario in India: A Scoping Review of Biopsychosocial Factors

Menstrual and pelvic health are critical for adolescent girls' well-being, yet cultural taboos, inadequate education, and limited resources in India hinder effective menstrual hygiene management (MHM) and contribute to adverse health and social outcomes. This scoping review maps the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to pelvic health, menstrual health, and hygiene among adolescent girls in India, applying the biopsychosocial model to identify gaps and inform interventions. Following the guidelines, a comprehensive search was performed on PubMed and ScienceDirect using key terms ("menstrual health" OR "menstrual hygiene") AND ("pelvic health") AND ("adolescents" OR "school girls") AND ("India"). Based on the eligibility criteria, a total of seven studies were included, which revealed pervasive myths (e.g., menstrual impurity), limited premenarche knowledge (23-81.8% awareness), and inadequate MHM practices (e.g., 63% rural cloth use). Negative attitudes, driven by taboos, caused shame and school absenteeism (17-24%). Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities and nonstandardized curricula exacerbated gaps. Government initiatives lack uniform implementation, and cultural, educational, and environmental barriers undermine adolescent menstrual health in India. Standardized, gender-inclusive education, improved facilities, and culturally sensitive interventions are needed to enhance MHM and reduce health disparities, fostering adolescent well-being.