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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Anxiety: Overview01:18

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

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Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
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Physiological Theories: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion01:22

Physiological Theories: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

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The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, proposed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, challenges the notion that emotions are solely the result of physiological responses. Instead, this theory suggests that emotional experiences and physiological arousal occur simultaneously but operate through independent mechanisms. This dual response is initiated by the brain, specifically by the thalamus, which plays a critical role in processing sensory information.
Upon perceiving a stimulus, such as a dangerous...
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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 16, 2025

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior
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Fear Circuits in Panic Disorder: An Update.

Peter Kyriakoulis1, Rafael Christophe da Rocha Freire2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Positive Psychology Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3931, Australia.

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|July 9, 2025
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Summary

This review clarifies the neurobiology of panic disorder (PD), detailing the brain

Keywords:
anxiety disorderfear circuitryneurobiologyneuropathology and neurophysiologypanic disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Animal models have advanced understanding of panic disorder (PD) mechanisms and etiology.
  • Key neurobiological aspects of PD require further clarification.
  • This review focuses on the neuroanatomical and pathophysiological basis of PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current knowledge on the neurobiology and neuroanatomy of panic disorder.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding the neural underpinnings of PD.
  • To emphasize the role of fear circuits in PD pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of recent literature on PD neurobiology and neuroanatomy.
  • Focus on fear circuits, integrating findings from preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Synthesis of information on implicated brain regions and their functions in PD.

Main Results:

  • Detailed delineation of the fear circuitry implicated in panic disorder.
  • Emphasis on the roles of the amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, insula, and prefrontal cortex.
  • These regions mediate pathological fear responses in PD.

Conclusions:

  • Continued human research is crucial for refining PD fear circuitry models.
  • Insights from human studies can guide the development of evidence-based therapies.
  • Therapeutic strategies should aim to restore homeostasis disrupted by fear circuitry activation.