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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution
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Microbiome evolution plays a secondary role in host rapid adaptation.

René S Shahmohamadloo1, Amir R Gabidulin1, Ellie R Andrews1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States.

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Summary

Host genetic variation drives rapid adaptation to environmental stress, like insecticide exposure in fruit flies. The microbiome plays a secondary role, influencing host adaptation in subtle ways.

Keywords:
EvolutionExperimental EvolutionHolobiontHost-Microbe InteractionsMicrobiomeRapid AdaptationResistance Evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Microbiome research
  • Environmental adaptation

Background:

  • Understanding population adaptation to environmental change is crucial.
  • Microbiomes are proposed as a source of heritable variation for rapid host adaptation, but empirical evidence is limited.
  • Field studies are needed to disentangle host genetics and microbiome contributions to adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relative contributions of host standing genetic variation and microbiome evolution to adaptation in *Drosophila melanogaster* exposed to an insecticide.
  • To determine the mechanisms driving rapid adaptation in naturalistic settings.
  • To elucidate the role of the microbiome in host evolutionary trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Field evolution experiment with *Drosophila melanogaster* populations exposed to insecticide.
  • Microbiome manipulations, including axenic rearing and microbiome transplants.
  • Analysis of survivorship, sub-lethal traits, and microbiome composition.

Main Results:

  • Populations rapidly evolved increased survivorship (resistance) within three generations.
  • Adaptive changes in sub-lethal traits showed a delayed response.
  • Host standing genetic variation was the primary driver of resistance evolution.
  • Microbiome evolution played a secondary, cryptic role by masking slowed development rates.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptation to environmental stress is primarily driven by selection on host standing genetic variation.
  • Microbiome evolution can contribute to host adaptation in a secondary and often cryptic manner.
  • This study provides empirical evidence for the mechanisms of rapid adaptation in naturalistic settings.