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Association of Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency With Thyroid Function-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Tonje Eiane Aarsland1, Inger Aakre2, Tonje Holte Stea3

  • 1Women's Clinic at Lillehammer Hospital, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway; Center for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|July 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency does not appear to affect thyroid hormone levels in most populations. This review found no clear association between iodine status and thyroid function across various age groups and conditions.

Keywords:
iodinemild-to-moderate iodine deficiencysystematic reviewthyroid dysfunctionthyroid functionurinary iodine concentration

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, crucial for human health.
  • Severe iodine deficiency impacts thyroid function, but the effects of mild-to-moderate deficiency are less clear.
  • Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and summarize observational studies on the association between mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and thyroid hormone function.
  • To investigate this association across diverse populations, including infants, children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant/lactating women.
  • To clarify the impact of iodine status on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), and free triiodothyronine (fT3).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature searches conducted in Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, and Cochrane Central databases (November 2022, February 2024).
  • Inclusion of observational studies (cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort) examining mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency (defined by urinary iodine concentration) and thyroid function markers.
  • Meta-analyses performed for specific outcomes in pregnant women.

Main Results:

  • A total of 72 studies were included, encompassing various population groups.
  • Most studies across all population groups found no clear association between iodine status and thyroid function.
  • Meta-analyses of 8 studies in pregnant women showed no significant differences in TSH, fT4, or fT3 levels compared to adequate iodine status.

Conclusions:

  • The review found no clear association between mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and thyroid function in infants, children, adolescents, adults, or pregnant/lactating women.
  • Current evidence suggests that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency may not significantly alter thyroid hormone levels in the general population.
  • Further research may be needed to confirm these findings and explore potential subtle effects or specific subpopulations.